Spearfishing Stats

Taxonomy

Rarity

Dorado are visitors. They live in tropical and subtropical water worldwide, and southern California sits at the cold edge of that, so whether the fish show up at all depends on what the ocean is doing that summer. The threshold is sharp. One analysis of about 6,000 California dive reports found that water between 68 and 72 degrees accounted for 38 percent of all dorado taken, and that below 67 degrees the fish essentially stop appearing, which the authors described as a hard cutoff rather than a gradual falloff. The same dataset counted 163 dorado a year during El Niño years against 95 in ordinary ones, and the warm phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, a longer temperature cycle in the North Pacific, can push a season higher still. The record California season came in 2022 on exactly that pattern.

The IUCN lists the species as Least Concern, assessed in 2010. That assessment is 16 years old now, which is worth knowing when reading it. Globally the species is not in trouble, and the reason is built into the animal. Dorado reach sexual maturity at 4 to 5 months and rarely live past 4 years, so a population can replace itself faster than almost any other fish a diver hunts.

Regulations

CDFW rules verified 2026-09-06

Seasonality

Edibility

Location

The name is the first thing to get out of the way. Dorado, mahi-mahi and dolphinfish are 3 names for the same fish, and it is a fish, with nothing to do with the marine mammal. California regulations use "dolphinfish (dorado)".

The species lives in the top of the water column in warm seas everywhere between 50 degrees north and 40 degrees south, in water from about 70 to 86 degrees. Depth records reach about 280 feet, but the fish spend their time between 15 and 35 feet and are frequently right at the surface. They school, they migrate long distances, and off southern California they do one thing that matters more than everything else: they gather under floating kelp.

A kelp paddy is a raft of kelp torn loose from a bed and drifting offshore, anywhere from the size of a doormat to the size of a car. Small fish shelter under it, larger fish come for the small fish, and the whole assemblage travels with the current as a moving island. In the California dive data, 70 percent of dorado came off kelp paddies. Anglers report the same proportion. Looking for dorado off this coast is not looking for fish, it is looking for floating kelp and for the birds sitting over it.

Where and when the fish spawn is a gap. The species spawns in the open sea and the eggs and larvae drift, and no California-specific season has been published.

Spearfishing Brief

Dorado are the one fish in this Ichthyopedia where the search is harder than the shot. Overall difficulty is 3, and it comes from finding them.

The search rates a 3. A diver has to get offshore, which means a boat, and then find drifting kelp. The paddy is the target, not the fish. Divers scan for floating kelp structure and for bird activity above it, then swim to it and look underneath. What makes this easier than it sounds is that the search target is large and visible and often marked by birds. What makes it harder is that the fish are seasonal and temperature-dependent, so a diver can do everything right in a cold summer and never see one. The season runs July through October and peaks in August and September.

The shot rates a 2, which makes dorado the most approachable bluewater fish on this coast. They are aggressive and curious, they come to chum and to a flasher hung near a paddy, and they investigate structure instead of avoiding it, which is the opposite of how yellowtail behave. They hold between the surface and 30 feet, so the dive is a comfortable breath-hold rather than a depth problem. Divers who write about California bluewater describe an August paddy in a warm year as the best possible first offshore fish.

Water color, which governs so much else, does not seem to matter here. In the same 6,000-report dataset, 30 percent of dorado came in blue water and 33 percent in green, which is unlike yellowtail or white seabass, both of which want blue water. Moon phase showed almost no correlation either, so dorado is one of the few species where planning around the lunar cycle makes no difference.

The rig is built around a soft-bodied fish that runs. Divers use a slip tip, which detaches and toggles sideways inside the fish, because dorado flesh tears easily and a plain shaft pulls out. Divers who write about it say the same thing as a result: place the shot well and forward rather than settle for a body hit. A reel works on smaller fish. For anything over about 30 pounds the community recommendation is a float line, so the fish pulls against buoyancy instead of against the diver. Southern California fish run 10 to 15 pounds for schooling fish, with bulls over 40.

On the table dorado is excellent, and it is the reason the species is on restaurant menus across the country. The meat is white and slightly firm, mild and a little sweet, in large moist flakes, and it holds together well enough to grill, smoke, blacken, or go into tacos, as well as being eaten raw. The flanks are large and the skeleton is simple, so the fillet is one of the easiest jobs in this Ichthyopedia.

Deep Dive

A dorado lives about as fast as a fish can. FishBase puts the maximum age at 4 years and sexual maturity at 4 to 5 months in the wild, or 3 months in captivity. The generation time is 1.1 years. To put that against something familiar, a vermilion rockfish can live 60 years. A dorado hatched in spring can be a spawning adult before autumn and dead of old age before its fourth birthday.

Everything else about the animal traces back to that. Growth is extremely fast, which is how a 4-year-old fish reaches nearly 7 feet and 88 pounds at the high end. The trophic level is 4.4, near the top of the food web, and the diet is unfussy: almost any fish it can catch, plus zooplankton, crustaceans and squid. A fish that has to reach adult size in a few months cannot afford to specialize. The population can also rebound from heavy fishing in a way slow-growing species cannot, which is the main reason a heavily fished, globally targeted species still sits at Least Concern.

The floating-kelp habit is worth understanding on its own, because it explains why dorado are catchable at all. Open ocean is mostly empty. Anything solid drifting in it becomes a gathering point, first for small organisms growing on it, then for small fish sheltering under it, then for predators. A drifting kelp paddy off southern California is a complete food chain moving with the current, and it can hold dorado, yellowtail, and juveniles of a dozen other species at once. The same thing happens under logs, buoys and floating debris worldwide, and fisheries in other oceans build artificial versions on purpose. Off this coast the paddies come from kelp beds, so a species that lives in warm blue water 20 miles out depends indirectly on kelp forests growing on the rocks near the beach.

The colors are the other thing people remember. A live dorado carries gold, blue and green together, and an excited fish flashes those colors and changes them fast. Bulls, the males, grow a blunt forehead that projects forward and run larger; females have a rounded head. Nothing else off this coast looks remotely like either.

California treats dorado as a highly migratory species, alongside the tunas, the marlin, the swordfish and several sharks, which is a category about international management rather than about limits. For a diver the practical rules are simpler than that sounds. There is no size limit and no closed season, and the daily limit is the general 10 of any one species inside a 20-fish total. Dorado also counts as a pelagic finfish under the rule that governs several Marine Protected Areas, which means that inside those boundaries, where nearly everything else is off limits, dorado can still be taken by hook and line or by spear.

Where to Find Them

Beaches whose habitats match this species

Matched by habitat: a beach is listed when its biome tags overlap this species' biomes.